Bali, often referred to as the “Island of the Gods,” is home to thousands of Hindu temples, known locally as Pura. These temples are not just places of worship; they are spiritual centers that form the heart of Bali’s religious and cultural life. Every village, home, and natural landmark is graced with a temple, serving as a constant reminder of the Balinese people’s deep connection to the divine.
This article explores everything you need to know about Balinese Hindu temples, from their meaning and significance to the types of temples found across the island. We’ll also delve into the structure of a typical Balinese temple, the rules for entering these sacred spaces, and the spiritual experience of visiting them.
Meaning and Name of Pura
In Balinese Hinduism, temples are referred to as Pura, which translates to “space surrounded by a wall.” The word “Pura” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Pur,” meaning city or fortress, but in the Balinese context, it represents a sacred space dedicated to the gods. Each Pura is a microcosm of the universe, where humans, nature, and the divine come together in harmony.
Unlike the closed and indoor temples of other Hindu cultures, Balinese temples are open-air structures designed to blend with the natural environment. This reflects the Balinese Hindu belief in Tri Hita Karana, the principle of balance and harmony between humans, nature, and the gods. The open nature of the Pura allows the divine forces to flow freely between the spiritual and earthly realms.
Balinese temples are built to honor specific deities, natural elements, or ancestral spirits, and they serve as the site for various ceremonies, offerings, and communal gatherings. These temples are not just religious structures; they are essential to the fabric of Balinese society, playing a role in the daily lives of the people.
Types of Temples in Bali
Bali is home to a wide variety of temples, each serving different spiritual purposes and functions within the community. While the island is dotted with countless temples, they can generally be categorized into several types:
1. Pura Desa (Village Temples)
Pura Desa are village temples that serve as the spiritual center for a local community. These temples are dedicated to the Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva triad and are often used for community prayers and ceremonies. Each Balinese village typically has its own Pura Desa, which plays a central role in village life, providing a space for communal worship, festivals, and other cultural events.
2. Pura Puseh (Ancestors’ Temple)
Pura Puseh is dedicated to the village’s founding ancestors and the god Brahma, the creator. This temple is often situated at the village’s entrance or in a central location. Offerings and prayers are made at Pura Puseh to honor the village’s past and to seek blessings for the present and future.
3. Pura Dalem (Temple of the Dead)
Pura Dalem is a temple dedicated to Shiva, the god of destruction, and is associated with death and the afterlife. This temple is often located near the village cemetery and plays a key role in funeral rites and cremation ceremonies. The Balinese people visit Pura Dalem to pray for their deceased loved ones and to ensure their safe passage to the afterlife.
4. Pura Ulun Danu (Water Temples)
Pura Ulun Danu temples are dedicated to Dewi Danu, the goddess of water and lakes. These temples are often located near rivers, lakes, or springs and play a vital role in ensuring the fertility of the land and the irrigation of the rice fields. One of the most famous Pura Ulun Danu temples is Ulun Danu Beratan, located on the shores of Lake Beratan.
5. Pura Luhur (Mountain Temples)
Bali’s majestic mountains are believed to be the dwelling places of the gods, and Pura Luhur temples are built in these sacred spaces to honor the divine. One of the most significant mountain temples is Pura Luhur Uluwatu, perched on a cliff overlooking the Indian Ocean, dedicated to the god Rudra.
6. Pura Tirta (Water Source Temples)
Pura Tirta temples are built around natural springs or water sources and are often associated with purification rituals. One of the most well-known Pura Tirta temples is Tirta Empul, where worshippers come to bathe in the sacred spring waters for spiritual cleansing and healing.
7. Pura Kahyangan Jagat (Directional Temples)
These temples are part of the Sad Kahyangan or the six temples of the world, which are strategically placed around Bali to maintain the spiritual balance of the island. These temples, such as Besakih Temple (the Mother Temple) and Pura Lempuyang, are some of the holiest and most important places of worship in Bali.
Temple Structure in General
Balinese temples, though varying in size and significance, follow a similar structural layout based on ancient Hindu architectural principles. The temple layout reflects the cosmos, with different zones representing different aspects of the universe. The temple is typically divided into three main areas, each with its own symbolic significance:
1. Nista Mandala (Outer Courtyard)
The Nista Mandala is the outermost part of the temple and serves as the transitional area between the secular world and the sacred space. It is often used for preparing offerings and welcoming visitors. In larger temples, this area may include gardens or pavilions for community gatherings.
2. Madya Mandala (Middle Courtyard)
The Madya Mandala is the middle section of the temple, where various ceremonies and offerings take place. This area often contains Bale, which are open pavilions used for preparing offerings, resting, or performing rituals. The Madya Mandala serves as a communal space where worshippers gather for festivals, performances, and important temple events.
3. Utama Mandala (Inner Sanctum)
The Utama Mandala is the innermost and holiest part of the temple, where the most sacred rituals and prayers occur. This area contains shrines dedicated to the gods and ancestors, and only the highest level of offerings are made here. The Meru towers, multi-tiered pagoda-like structures, are often found in this section, symbolizing Mount Meru, the axis of the universe in Hindu cosmology.
The Utama Mandala is typically closed to the general public except during special ceremonies, and access is restricted to priests and those directly involved in temple rituals.
Rules for Entering the Temple
Balinese Hindu temples are sacred spaces, and there are several important rules and customs to follow when visiting. These rules are in place to show respect for the gods and to maintain the spiritual purity of the temple.
1. Proper Attire
Visitors must wear a sarong and sash when entering a temple, as a sign of respect. Sarongs are often provided at the entrance of major temples, but it is recommended to bring your own. Modest clothing is required, meaning shoulders should be covered, and skirts or pants should extend past the knees.
2. Menstruation Restriction
Women who are menstruating are traditionally not allowed to enter Balinese temples. This is due to the belief in maintaining spiritual purity within the temple. While this rule may seem outdated to some, it is still a significant cultural practice in Bali, and visitors are encouraged to respect it.
3. Enter Quietly and Respectfully
Visitors should enter the temple with a calm and respectful demeanor. Loud conversations, shouting, or disruptive behavior are not allowed, as temples are places of meditation and worship.
4. No Physical Contact with Sacred Objects
Visitors should refrain from touching sacred objects or shrines within the temple. These items are considered holy and are meant to be handled only by priests during rituals.
5. Follow the Flow of Temple Rituals
If visiting during a ceremony, be mindful of the ongoing rituals. Visitors are often welcome to observe but should avoid interfering with the priests or worshippers. Photography may be allowed in some areas, but it is important to ask for permission before taking photos, especially during sacred rituals.
Spiritual Tour of Balinese Hindu Temples
A spiritual tour of Bali’s Hindu temples offers visitors a deeper understanding of the island’s rich cultural heritage and spiritual traditions. Bali is often referred to as a “living museum,” where the everyday life of its people is deeply intertwined with religious practices and temple ceremonies.
When embarking on a spiritual tour, here are some of the most spiritually significant temples to explore:
1. Besakih Temple (Pura Besakih)
Known as the Mother Temple, Besakih Temple is the largest and holiest temple complex in Bali. Located on the slopes of Mount Agung, it is a revered site that represents the spiritual center of Balinese Hinduism. A visit to Besakih offers an awe-inspiring experience, with its many temples and shrines dedicated to various gods and ancestors.
2. Tirta Empul
Famous for its sacred water springs, Tirta Empul is a purification temple where worshippers come to cleanse themselves spiritually by bathing in the holy water. The temple is dedicated to the water god Vishnu, and the purification ritual is a deeply personal and spiritual experience.
3. Uluwatu Temple
Uluwatu Temple (Pura Luhur Uluwatu)
Perched on a cliff overlooking the Indian Ocean, Uluwatu Temple is one of Bali’s most stunning spiritual sites. The temple is dedicated to the god Rudra and is a place of spiritual protection for the island. Visitors can enjoy breathtaking views while observing traditional Kecak dance performances during sunset.
4. Tanah Lot Temple
Tanah Lot is one of Bali’s most iconic temples, located on a rocky outcrop surrounded by the sea. It is a popular pilgrimage site, and its dramatic setting makes it a must-visit for both spiritual seekers and photographers. The temple is dedicated to the sea gods, and visitors can witness spectacular sunsets from this sacred spot.
Balinese Hindu temples are more than just religious structures; they are the lifeblood of Bali’s spiritual and cultural identity. Visiting these sacred sites provides a unique glimpse into the deep connection between the Balinese people and their gods, ancestors, and natural surroundings.
Whether it’s the grandeur of Besakih, the spiritual purification at Tirta Empul, or the dramatic beauty of Uluwatu and Tanah Lot, exploring Bali’s Hindu temples is a journey that reveals the island’s rich history, profound spirituality, and unwavering devotion to maintaining balance and harmony in life.
For visitors, these temples offer not only a chance to witness Bali’s unique religious practices but also an opportunity for personal reflection and spiritual growth. With the proper respect and understanding of the cultural significance of these sacred spaces, a temple visit can be a transformative and enlightening experience.